Optimizing the timing of biologic and surgical therapy for patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP).

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is often treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS); however, patients may require revision surgery due to recurrence. To date, no studies have compared outcomes for combined surgery and biologic therapy for CRSwNP compared with biologic therapy alone.

Methods: Retrospective case-control study of CRSwNP patients who underwent ESS while on dupilumab or mepolizumab (ESS-biologic cohort) compared with CRSwNP patients on biologic therapy (biologic-only controls). Cohorts were matched according to indication, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), sinonasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), and total polyp scores.

Results: Sixteen patients underwent ESS while on biologic therapy (13 dupilumab and 3 mepolizumab). Sixteen patients were biologic-only controls. There were no significant differences between indication, baseline SNOT-22 scores, polyp scores, and AERD status between cohorts. Patients underwent surgery a median of 33 days after starting biologic therapy. After 12 months of follow-up, the total polyp score for the ESS-biologic cohort decreased from 4.73 to 0.09 compared with a decrease from 5.22 to 3.38 for the biologic-only controls (95% confidence interval [CI] of difference: -5.37 to -1.38, Cohen's d: 2.40, p = 0.005). In the ESS-dupilumab subanalysis, the ESS-dupilumab cohort had a significant reduction in polyp burden from 4.85 to 0.00 compared with 4.88 to 3.50 for the controls (95% CI of difference: -5.68 to -1.32, Cohen's d: -1.69, p = 0.009).

Conclusion: In CRSwNP patients, combined ESS and biologic therapy results in a significant and sustained decrease in polyp burden compared with biologic therapy alone. Larger studies are warranted to further examine the impact of combined therapy.