Creating a standard inpatient opioid withdrawal protocol.

Despite safety and efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder, United States (US) hospitals face high health care costs when hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) leave due to untreated opioid withdrawal.  Recent studies have concluded that evidence-based interventions for OUD like buprenorphine are underutilized by hospital services. We developed a practical opioid withdrawal protocol utilizing buprenorphine and the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale to address opioid withdrawal during inpatient treatment of a primary medical condition. We are currently implementing this protocol at the UCLA hospital in Santa Monica. The protocol includes order sets with appropriate and modifiable orders that can be submitted in the electronic medical record in order to deliver seamless care for opioid withdrawal. After the physician assesses the patient and initiates the protocol, nursing provides an essential role in continuing to monitor the patient's level of withdrawal and administering the appropriate medications in response. Inpatient pharmacy is instrumental in monitoring medication administration, as well as calculating and providing dosages for orders on Day 2 and 3 of the protocol. Collaboration with case managers is essential for providing appropriate resources and ensuring a safe discharge. Current challenges to widespread implementation of a standardized withdrawal protocol are discrepancies in addiction education across medical disciplines and inadequate outpatient access to buprenorphine providers and pharmacies that carry buprenorphine supplies.