Developmental trajectories of eating behaviors and cross-lagged associations with weight across infancy.

Examining typical developmental trajectories of infant eating behaviors, correlates of those trajectories, and cross-lagged associations between eating behaviors and anthropometry, is important to understand the etiology of these behaviors and their relevance to growth early in the lifespan. Mothers (N = 276) completed the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) and infant anthropometrics were measured at ages 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months. Infant and maternal characteristics were collected by maternal report. Trajectories of eating behaviors were identified using latent class growth modeling and bivariate analyses examined associations of infant eating behavior trajectory membership with infant and maternal characteristics. Cross-lagged analyses examined associations between BEBQ subscales and infant weight-for-length z-score. Infant eating behavior trajectories included: Consistently High (62%) and Consistently Moderate (38%) Enjoyment of Food; Consistently High (9%), Moderate & Decreasing (43%), and Low & Decreasing (48%) Food Responsiveness; and Consistently High (62%) and Moderate & Decreasing (38%) General Appetite. Trajectory group membership was not associated with infant sex, gestational age, birthweight, or having been exclusively fed breastmilk at 2 months. Consistently High trajectories for Enjoyment of Food, Food Responsiveness, and General Appetite were associated with maternal demographic markers of psychosocial risk (e.g., lower maternal age and educational attainment). Food Responsiveness and General Appetite tracked strongly across infancy within individuals. Cross-lagged associations of Enjoyment of Food, Food Responsiveness, and General Appetite with weight-for-length z-score across infancy were generally null. Much additional work is needed to understand eating behaviors in infancy, their development, and their etiology. Further understanding of infant eating behaviors will provide the basis for future interventions to improve life course nutrition, growth, and health.