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Cell Calcium

January 2025

Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are specialized compartments found in all eukaryotic cells that are formed between membranes of different organelles that are in close proximity. MCS have important functions as they are sites of efficient transfer of molecules between neighboring organelles. Two recent articles have used the splitFAST system to mark and follow the dynamics of membrane contact sites and used the method to highlight the importance of MCS between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets in metabolic adaptation and MCS between the ER and mitochondria in Ca signal propagation.

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In health, the liver is a metabolically flexible organ that plays a key role in regulating systemic lipid and glucose concentrations. There is a constant flux of fatty acids (FAs) to the liver from multiple sources, including adipose tissue, dietary, endogenously synthesized from non-lipid precursors, intrahepatic lipid droplets and recycling of triglyceride-rich remnants. Within the liver, FAs are used for triglyceride synthesis, which can be oxidized, stored or secreted in very low-density lipoproteins into the systemic circulation.

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Protection Strategies Against Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Diseases.

Int J Mol Sci

January 2025

Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.

Diets rich in carbohydrate and saturated fat contents, when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, contribute to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which subsequently increase palmitic acid (PA) levels. At high concentrations, PA induces lipotoxicity through several mechanisms involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and cell death. Nevertheless, there are endogenous strategies to mitigate PA-induced lipotoxicity through its unsaturation and elongation and its channeling and storage in lipid droplets (LDs), which plays a crucial role in sequestering oxidized lipids, thereby reducing oxidative damage to lipid membranes.

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The ultrastructural organization of the nuclei of the tegmental region in juvenile chum salmon () was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dorsal tegmental nuclei (DTN), the nucleus of (NFLM), and the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (NIII) were studied. The ultrastructural examination provided detailed ultrastructural characteristics of neurons forming the tegmental nuclei and showed neuro-glial relationships in them.

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Omics Approaches to Study Perilipins and Their Significant Biological Role in Cardiometabolic Disorders.

Int J Mol Sci

January 2025

Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy.

Lipid droplets (LDs), highly dynamic cellular organelles specialized in lipid storage and maintenance of lipid homeostasis, contain several proteins on their surface, among which the perilipin (Plin) family stands out as the most abundant group of LD-binding proteins. They play a pivotal role in influencing the behavior and functionality of LDs, regulating lipase activity, and preserving a balance between lipid synthesis and degradation, which is crucial in the development of obesity and abnormal accumulation of fat in non-adipose tissues, causing negative adverse biological effects, such as insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. The expression levels of Plins are often associated with various diseases, such as hepatic steatosis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.

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