Comparisons of PM mitigation with stand characteristics between evergreen Korean pine plantations and deciduous broad-leaved forests in the Republic of Korea.

Owing to industrialization and urbanization in recent decades, fine particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere has become a major environmental problem worldwide. This environmental issue pushed the use of forests as air filtering tools. However, there is a lack of continuous and long-term forest management to efficiently mitigate PM. In this study, we assessed the potential of different forest types to control air pollution by measuring the seasonal PM concentrations inside and outside the forest for one year. In addition, the PM reduction efficiencies (PMREs) of two forest types were compared, and their relationship with stand characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that the average PMRE inside the forests was approximately 18.2%; the seasonal PMRE was highest in winter (approximately 28.1%) and lowest in summer (approximately 9.6%). The average PMRE of the Taehwa deciduous broad-leaved forest (TDF) (approximately 18.8%) was significantly higher than that of the Taehwa coniferous forest (TCF) (approximately 17.5%) (P < 0.001); differences were also observed seasonally. The PMRE in the TCF was higher in spring and summer (P < 0.001), while that in the TDF was higher in autumn and winter (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the PMRE in the TDF was negatively correlated with stand density (P = 0.003) and positively correlated with the average diameter at breast height (DBH) (P = 0.028). However, the PMRE in the TCF did not significantly correlate with stand characteristics. As such, the results of this study revealed the differences in PM mitigation according to stand characteristics, which should be considered in urban forest management.