The emerging role of epitranscriptome in shaping stress responses in plants.

RNA modifications and editing changes constitute 'epitranscriptome' and are crucial in regulating the development and stress response in plants. Exploration of the epitranscriptome and associated machinery would facilitate the engineering of stress tolerance in crops. RNA editing and modifications post-transcriptionally decorate almost all classes of cellular RNAs, including tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs, with more than 170 known modifications, among which mA, Ψ, mC, 8-OHG and C-to-U editing are the most abundant. Together, these modifications constitute the "epitranscriptome", and contribute to changes in several RNA attributes, thus providing an additional structural and functional diversification to the "cellular messages" and adding another layer of gene regulation in organisms, including plants. Numerous evidences suggest that RNA modifications have a widespread impact on plant development as well as in regulating the response of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses. High-throughput sequencing studies demonstrate that the landscapes of mA, mC, Am, Cm, C-to-U, U-to-G, and A-to-I editing are remarkably dynamic during stress conditions in plants. GO analysis of transcripts enriched in Ψ, mA and mC modifications have identified bonafide components of stress regulatory pathways. Furthermore, significant alterations in the expression pattern of genes encoding writers, readers, and erasers of certain modifications have been documented when plants are grown in challenging environments. Notably, manipulating the expression levels of a few components of RNA editing machinery markedly influenced the stress tolerance in plants. We provide updated information on the current understanding on the contribution of RNA modifications in shaping the stress responses in plants. Unraveling of the epitranscriptome has opened new avenues for designing crops with enhanced productivity and stress resilience in view of global climate change.