Background: Lenvatinib was expected to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for unresectable HCC; however, their combination therapy failed to show the synergy in the phase III clinical trial.
Methods: To elucidate lenvatinib-induced molecular modulation, we performed bulk RNA-sequencing and digital spatial profiling of 5 surgically resected human HCC specimens after lenvatinib treatment and 10 matched controls without any preceding therapy.
Findings: Besides its direct antitumor effects, lenvatinib recruited cytotoxic GZMK+CD8 T cells in intratumor stroma by CXCL9 from tumor-associated macrophages, suggesting that lenvatinib-treated HCC is in the so-called excluded condition that can diminish ICI efficacy.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10351952 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000209 | DOI Listing |
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