Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS)-guided vs conventional laparoscopic nephrectomy: a randomised control trial.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of routine use of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) in improving perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing IOUS-guided laparoscopic nephrectomy (IOUS-LN) and conventional laparoscopic nephrectomy (C-LN).

Patients And Methods: This was a parallel-arm, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial (CTRI/2021/12/038906). All patients undergoing LN, either for benign or malignant causes, were included. Patients undergoing partial/cytoreductive nephrectomy, with venous thrombus were excluded. In the study arm, IOUS-guided renal vascular assessment was performed after colon mobilisation and a standard LN was performed in the control arm. The primary outcome was intraoperative duration. The secondary outcomes were blood loss, need for open conversion, blood transfusion, perioperative complications, duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and length of hospitalisation (LOH). The patients were followed for 3 months after surgery.

Results: A total of 104 patients were included, with 52 in each arm. Demographic characteristics were comparable in both arms. A significant reduction in the operative duration (mean [sd] 181.69 [40.8] vs 199.7 [41.8] min, P = 0.02) was seen in the IOUS-LN group. The difference in blood loss showed no significant difference when compared between both groups (median [interquartile range] 84.55 [74-105.5] vs 99.95 [78.5-111] mL, P = 0.08). On subgroup analysis, the reduction in the operative duration was significant in patients who underwent laparoscopic simple nephrectomy (LSN; mean [sd] 194.4 [42.5] vs 221.2 [36.4] min, P = 0.01), whereas comparable operative durations were seen in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN; mean [sd] 168.96 [35.3] vs 178.3 [35.9] min, P = 0.34). Similar conversion rates were seen in both groups (P = 0.98) along with blood transfusions (P = 0.78). The LOH, ICU stay, and complications were similar in both groups. Significantly less blood loss (P = 0.03) was noted with IOUS in patients undergoing LSN. IOUS did not influence any outcomes in patients undergoing LRN.

Conclusion: Intraoperative ultrasonography significantly reduced the operative duration in LN, but with no significant reduction in the volume of blood loss. Significant reduction in intraoperative duration and blood loss was seen in patients who underwent LSN on subgroup analysis.