Effect of sphingosine and inoculum concentrations on and biofilms.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease where patients are more susceptible to infection and inflammation. The most salient symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD) are skin dysbiosis and ceramide deficiency. Here, the effect of AD conditions on resilience was investigated. and biofilms were co-inoculated at healthy and AD bacterial ratios and exposed to various sphingosine dosing regimens. In both healthy ( dominant) and AD ( dominant) conditions the viability of the non-dominant bacterial species was affected. Quorum sensing (QS)-impaired was overall more susceptible to sphingosine. Despite the general resilience of QS-intact against sphingosine, modulation of (healthy ratio) and sphingosine (healthy Sph) led to a lack of recovery from its initial killing. Overall, it was found that when in biofilms, increases resilience to sphingosine, possibly enhancing the pathogen's recalcitrance in AD skin.