Diversity, prevalence and risk factors associated to gastrointestinal tract parasites in wild and domestic animals from Pakistan.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals contains various helminth parasites, responsible for subclinical and clinical parasitism. The health situation of animals is seriously affected by these parasites and leads massive financial losses for the livestock trade. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of GIT parasites in small and large ruminants of Mardan district and zoo animals of Golden Life Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 419 fecal samples were collected including 117 from goats, 110 from cattle, 80 from sheep, 66 from buffaloes, 40 from birds, four from deer, and two from leopards. The fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation to identify parasite eggs. Of a total of 419 fecal samples, 215 (51.31%) were found positive for GIT parasites eggs. The prevalence of GIT parasites was high in sheep (65%), followed by goats (62.39%), cattle (42.70%), and buffaloes (37.87%). In birds, GIT parasite eggs were identified in 11 (45.83%) and 7 (43.75%) fecal samples of Pheasant and Peacock, respectively. However, an absence of infection was noted in fecal samples from deer and leopards. Eggs of GIT Parasites belonging to one superfamily and four different genera were recognized in fecal samples of domestic animals and buffaloes, which were Trichostrongyloidea (19.81%), Strongyloides (9.31%), Trichuris (7.77%), Monezia (6.44%), and Fasciola (4.53%). For bird, the coccidia group comprises the highest representation of parasites (2.63%), followed by the Trichuris genus (1.67%). Settlement, management system, anthelminthic medications and body condition score were significantly associated with the occurrence of GIT parasites in feces (P < 0.05). Animals from rural settlements, rearing under poor management systems, with thin (poor) body condition and under warmed were more affected by GIT parasites. The diversity and the high prevalence of GIT parasites reported in this study highlights the urgent need for intervention through treatment and modification of management practices in the investigated areas of Pakistan.