The NLR Immune Receptor Induces Early Transcriptional Changes in Response to Thrips and Mechanical Modes of Inoculation of .

The NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) class immune receptor confers resistance to (TSWV). Although is known to activate immunity upon recognition of the TSWV movement protein NSm, we know very little about the downstream events that lead to resistance. Here, we investigated the -mediated early transcriptomic changes that occur in response to mechanical and thrips-mediated inoculation of TSWV, using near-isogenic tomato lines CNPH-LAM 147 () and Santa Clara (). We observed earlier -mediated transcriptional changes in response to thrips-mediated inoculation compared with that in response to mechanical inoculation of TSWV. With thrips-mediated inoculation, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at 12, 24, and 72 h postinoculation (hpi). Whereas with mechanical inoculation, DEGs were observed only at 72 hpi. Although some DEGs were shared between the two methods of inoculation, many DEGs were specific to either thrips-mediated or mechanical inoculation of TSWV. In response to thrips-mediated inoculation, an NLR immune receptor, cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like kinases, the ethylene response factor 1, and the calmodulin-binding protein 60 were induced. Fatty acid desaturase 2-9, cell death genes, DCL2b, RIPK/PBL14-like, ERF017, and WRKY75 were differentially expressed in response to mechanical inoculation. Our findings reveal responses specific to the method of TSWV inoculation. Although TSWV is transmitted in nature primarily by the thrips, responses to thrips inoculation have not been previously studied. Therefore, the DEGs we have identified in response to thrips-mediated inoculation provide a new foundation for understanding the mechanistic roles of these genes in the -mediated resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.