Mechanosensation of the heart and gut elicits hypometabolism and vigilance in mice.

Interoception broadly refers to awareness of one's internal milieu. Vagal sensory afferents monitor the internal milieu and maintain homeostasis by engaging brain circuits that alter physiology and behavior. While the importance of the body-to-brain communication that underlies interoception is implicit, the vagal afferents and corresponding brain circuits that shape perception of the viscera are largely unknown. Here, we use mice to parse neural circuits subserving interoception of the heart and gut. We determine vagal sensory afferents expressing the oxytocin receptor, hereafter referred to as NDG, send projections to the aortic arch or stomach and duodenum with molecular and structural features indicative of mechanosensation. Chemogenetic excitation of NDG significantly decreases food and water consumption, and remarkably, produces a torpor-like phenotype characterized by reductions in cardiac output, body temperature, and energy expenditure. Chemogenetic excitation of NDG also creates patterns of brain activity associated with augmented hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and behavioral indices of vigilance. Recurrent excitation of NDG suppresses food intake and lowers body mass, indicating that mechanosensation of the heart and gut can exert enduring effects on energy balance. These findings suggest that the sensation of vascular stretch and gastrointestinal distention may have profound effects on whole body metabolism and mental health.