Objective: This study explores differences in COVID-19 in-hospital mortality rates by patient and geographic factors to identify at-risk populations and analyze how strained health disparities were exacerbated during the pandemic.
Methods: The latest 2020 United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was used to obtain a population-based estimate for patients with COVID-19. We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective data analysis, and sampling weights were used for all statistical analyses to represent nationwide in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19. We used multivariate logistic regression models to identify predictors for how patients with COVID-19 are associated with in-hospital death.
Results: Of 200,531 patients, 88.9% did not have an in-hospital death (n=178,369), and 11.1% had in-hospital death (n=22,162). Patients older than 70 were 10 times more likely to have an in-hospital death than patients younger than 40 (p<0.001). Male patients were 37% more likely to have an in-hospital death than female patients (p<0.001). Hispanic patients were 25% more likely to have in-hospital deaths than White patients (p<0.001). In the sub-analysis, Hispanic patients in the 50-60, 60-70, and 70 age groups were 32%, 34%, and 24%, respectively, more likely to have in-hospital death than White patients (p<0.001). Patients with hypertension and diabetes were 69% and 29%, respectively, more likely to have in-hospital death than patients without hypertension and diabetes.
Conclusion: Health disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic occurred across races and regions and must be addressed to prevent future deaths. Age and comorbidities like diabetes have a well-established link to increased disease severity, and we have linked both to higher mortality risk. Low-income patients had a significantly increased risk of in-hospital death starting at over 40 years old.
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