Objectives: To evaluate the effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid phloretin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of .
Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration, viability, and biofilm susceptibility assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of phloretin. Biofilm composition and structure were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Water-soluble (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) were determined using anthrone method. Lactic acid measurements and acid tolerance assay were performed to assess acidogenicity and aciduricity. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of virulence genes essential for surface attachment, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing.
Results: Phloretin inhibited growth and viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it reduced and gene expression, correlating with the reduction of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria and WIG/WSG ratio. Inhibition of and gene expression, involved in stress tolerance, was associated with compromised acidogenicity and aciduricity of .
Conclusions: Phloretin exhibits antibacterial properties against , modulates acid production and tolerance, and reduces biofilm formation.
Clinical Significance: Phloretin is a promising natural compound with pronounced inhibitory effect on key virulence factors of the cariogenic pathogen, .
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10321187 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2023.2230711 | DOI Listing |
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