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Department of Cardiology, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg/Bad Krozingen, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Background: It is estimated that 6% of persons over age 75 have clinically relevant tricuspid regurgitation (TR). This condition carries a high mortality and is of particular interest because of the recent development of new interventional treatments.

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Understanding the interaction between the heart and liver is pivotal for managing patients in whom both organs are affected. Studies have shown that cardio-hepatic interactions are bidirectional and that their identification, assessment, and treatment remain challenging. Congestive hepatopathy is a condition that develops in the setting of long-standing systemic venous congestion.

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