Review of the national usage of antibiotics in arthroplasty surgery: a need for evidence-based prescribing.

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) remain one of the most serious complications of arthroplasty surgery. The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing SSI post-arthroplasty is well established. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in prophylactic prescribing across the United Kingdom (UK), which is contradicted by the contemporaneous evidence. This descriptive study aimed to compare the current first-line antibiotic recommendations across hospitals in the UK and The Republic of Ireland for elective arthroplasty procedures.

Methods: The MicroGuide mobile phone application was used to access hospital antibiotic guidelines. First-line antibiotic recommendation and dosing regimen for primary elective arthroplasties were recorded.

Findings: A total of nine distinct antibiotic regimens were identified through our search. The most frequently used first-line antibiotic was cefuroxime. This was recommended by 30 of the 83 (36.1%) hospitals in the study. This was followed by a combination of flucloxacillin and gentamicin, which was used by 38 of 124 (31%) hospitals. There was also significant heterogeneity in dosing regimens. A single prophylactic dose was most commonly recommended (52%); 4% of hospitals recommended two prophylactic doses, 19% three doses and 23% four doses.

Conclusions: Single-dose prophylaxis is recognised as at least noninferior to multiple-dose prophylaxis in primary arthroplasty. There is considerable variation in the local antibiotic recommendations for surgical site prophylaxis post-primary arthroplasty surgery, with respect to both recommended first-line antibiotic and dosing regimens. With increasing emphasis on the importance of antibiotic stewardship and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, this study highlights the need for an evidence-based approach to prophylactic dosing across the UK.