I Trust or I Trust? The Gap between Entrustment Determinations and Entrustment Decisions for Trainees in Pharmacy and Other Health Professions.

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) and entrustment decision making are rapidly becoming mainstream in competency-based education in the health professions. EPAs are the units of professional practice to entrust graduates with once they have developed the required competencies. They were conceived to enable a gradual increase in professional autonomy during training, by allowing trainees to practice activities in which they have demonstrated they have mastered well, with decreasing supervision. However, practicing health care unsupervised generally requires licensure. The question for pharmacy education, as well as for undergraduate medical education, is can students be given any autonomy in practice, even when they have fully mastered an EPA yet remain unlicensed? While entrustment decisions for licensed practitioners have autonomy consequences, some educators in undergraduate programs speak of 'entrustment determinations', to avoid decisions about students that affect patient care, in other words saying, we would trust you, rather than we will trust you. However, graduating learners without the experience of responsibility and reasonable autonomy creates a gap with full practice responsibilities, which may jeopardize patient safety after training. What can programs do to retain the power of using EPAs while at the same time guarding patient safety?