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Reptile trade and chelonians-associated Salmonellosis in humans: A public health concern.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis

January 2025

Laboratory of Epidemio-surveillance, Health, Production & Reproduction, Cell Therapy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Tarf 36000, Algeria.

Animal trade has become a serious criminal practice in the world. Every day thousands of exotic wild animals, including reptiles, are farmed and sold worldwide. The illegal collection of turtles and tortoises remains completely unsupervised and represents a big challenge for responsible authorities.

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Article Synopsis
  • 9.6% of pet turtles tested positive for Salmonella, with the dominant strain being Salmonella Thompson; a concerning 80.4% of these strains were multi-drug resistant.
  • The study found that Salmonella strains from turtles were closely related to those from infected children, suggesting possible transmission between species and indicating a pressing public health issue.
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Non-typhoidal infections (NTSI) can cause bacterial diarrhea, mostly leading to self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in at-risk populations, NTSI can have severe complications. As transmission is most commonly foodborne, infection is rare in the breast- or bottle-fed very young.

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are considered a part of the normal reptile gut microbiota, but have also been associated with disease in reptiles. Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) can pose a serious health threat to humans, especially children, and an estimated 6% of human sporadic salmonellosis cases have been attributed to direct or indirect contact with reptiles, although the exact number is not known. Two literature searches were conducted for this review.

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The sale and distribution of small turtles (shell length <4 inches) as pets has been banned in the United States since 1975 because of the risk of Salmonella transmission, especially to children. Despite this 48-year-old ban, salmonellosis outbreaks continue to be linked to contact with small turtles. During investigations of turtle-associated outbreaks, information regarding the turtle farm of origin is difficult to obtain because turtles are commonly sold by transient vendors.

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