AI Article Synopsis
- Current research indicates that the gut microbiome (GM) plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis, particularly through the metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which enhances plaque formation and vascular dysfunction.
- TMAO promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in blood vessels, leading to increased vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques.
- Potential treatments include using compounds like DMB, IMC, and FMC to reduce TMAO levels and combined strategies targeting TMAO production, aiming for novel prevention methods for cardiovascular disease.
Article Abstract
Current research supports the evidence that the gut microbiome (GM), which consist of gut microbiota and their biologically active metabolites, is associated with atherosclerosis development. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by the GM through trimethylamine (TMA) oxidation, significantly enhances the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. TMAO promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells, leading to vascular dysfunction and plaque formation. Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), iodomethylcholine (IMC) and fluoromethylcholine (FMC) have been recognized for their ability to reduce plasma TMAO by inhibiting trimethylamine lyase, a bacterial enzyme involved in the choline cleavage anaerobic process, thus reducing TMA formation. Conversely, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and trigonelline inhibit TMA oxidation by inhibiting flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3), resulting in reduced plasma TMAO. The combined use of inhibitors of choline trimethylamine lyase and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 could provide novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention by stabilizing existing atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to present the current evidence of the roles of TMA/TMAO in atherosclerosis as well as its potential therapeutic prevention aspects.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10655873 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bb.2023.8893 | DOI Listing |
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