In-vivo corneal confocal microscopy is a powerful imaging technique which provides clinicians and researcher with the capabilities to observe microstructures at the ocular surfaces in significant detail. In this Mini Review, the optics and image analysis methods with the use of corneal confocal microscopy are discussed. While novel insights of neuroanatomy and biology of the eyes, particularly the ocular surface, have been provided by corneal confocal microscopy, some debatable elements observed using this technique remain and these are explored in this Mini Review. Potential improvements in imaging methodology and instrumentation are also suggested.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05005-8 | DOI Listing |
Eye Vis (Lond)
January 2025
ELZA Institute AG, Bahnhofstrasse 15, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
Background: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is the most challenging corneal infection to treat, with conventional therapies often proving ineffective. While photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal cross-linking (PACK-CXL) with riboflavin/UV-A has shown success in treating bacterial and fungal keratitis, and PACK-CXL with rose bengal/green light has demonstrated promise in fungal keratitis, neither approach has been shown to effectively eradicate AK. This case study explores a novel combined same-session treatment approach using both riboflavin/UV-A and rose bengal/green light in a single procedure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTurk J Ophthalmol
December 2024
Keio University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo, Japan.
In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize the layers of the cornea and conjunctiva in real time. In patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), this technology can be useful in diagnosing and monitoring the disease, as well as evaluating the efficacy of treatments. IVCM can reveal subclinical abnormalities in the corneal and conjunctival epithelium such as inflammatory cell infiltrates and tissue damage, which can provide insight into the pathogenesis of AKC.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDigit Health
December 2024
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes, and its early identification is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) can non-invasively detect changes in corneal nerve fibers (CNFs), making it a potential tool for the early diagnosis of DPN. However, the existing CNF analysis methods have certain limitations, highlighting the need to develop a reliable automated analysis tool.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Ophthalmol
December 2024
Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Purpose: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare hereditary disorder of the connective tissue. Despite recent attention to corneal abnormalities in OI, understanding remains limited. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate corneal changes in a large sample of OI patients compared to controls using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPain Rep
February 2025
Pain Research Institute, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Introduction: Pain phenomenology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) shows considerable overlap with neuropathic pain. Altered neural processing leading to symptoms of neuropathic pain can occur at the level of the spinal cord, and 1 potential mechanism is spinal disinhibition. A biomarker of spinal disinhibition is impaired H-reflex rate-dependent depression (HRDD).
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