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Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) tends to manifest as a mixture of neuropsychiatric and somatic symptoms, either of which may predominate, and often shows a progressive clinical course sometimes leading to life-threatening conditions. Catatonic and psychotic syndromes, regardless of whether associated with dysautonomia, are common manifestations of AE, especially concerning the anti-NMDAR subtype. Several autoantibodies targeting different neuronal epitopes have been linked to specific clinical manifestations and their detection is embedded in some of the diagnostic criteria for AE.

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The Population-Based Incidence and Prevalence of Catatonia.

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci

January 2025

Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Luccarelli); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center at Village of Vanderbilt, and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (Smith); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Kalinich); Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France (Amad); Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London (Rogers).

Objective: Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with a range of medical and psychiatric illnesses. Although many single-center studies have been conducted, uncertainty over the population-based incidence and prevalence of the disorder remains. This study reports on the incidence and prevalence rates of catatonia extrapolated from two large epidemiologic studies in the United Kingdom and United States.

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Background: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a psychiatric-neurologic emergency that may require intensive care management. There is a paucity of information about NMS as a critical illness. We reviewed the Mayo Clinic experience.

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Psychiatric manifestations of encephalitis.

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

January 2025

Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Johns Hopkin School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Objective: Encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition of infectious or autoimmune cause. We aim to characterize the frequency and clinical spectrum of presenting psychiatric symptoms in encephalitis in order to inform earlier recognition and initiation of treatment.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult patients who met the 2013 International Encephalitis Consortium (IEC) and/or 2016 Graus criteria between February 2005 and February 2023.

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