FeO plays a complex role in soil electron transfer. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed to drive the directional transfer of electrons in soil, and the results revealed that FeO acts first as a capacitor, intercepting and reserving the electrons produced by electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) in the soil, which leads to a decrease in hexachlorobenzene (HCB) removal efficiency with increasing proportions of FeO dosing (R = 0.85). The FeO then exerted its semiconductor properties in synergy with dissolved Fe as an electron mediator to promote the flow of electrons in the soil. Power generation by the MFC was significantly and positively correlated with the concentration of dissolved Fe (r = 0.51) and the FeO dosing proportion (r = 0.97). The higher HCB removal efficiency, spatial distribution of intercepted electrons, and abundance of electron transfer metabolic pathways confirmed that FeO promoted electron-flow fluxes in soil. Additionally, Geobacter sp., (direct electron transfer) and Pseudomonas sp., (indirect electron transfer) were the dominant electrochemically active bacteria in the anode and soil of MFC, respectively. In this study, both dissolved (Fe) and solid state (FeO) electron mediators functioned as electron transporters in soil, we propose an internal "electron internet" of soil consisting of points and lines.
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