Personalized federated learning for heterogeneous data: A distributed edge clustering approach.

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning technique that allows multiple devices (e.g., smartphones and IoT devices) to collaborate in the training of a shared model with each device preserving the privacy of its local data. However, the highly heterogeneous distribution of data among clients in FL can result in poor convergence. In addressing this issue, the concept of personalized federated learning (PFL) has emerged. PFL aims to tackle the effects of non-independent and identically distributed data and statistical heterogeneity and to achieve personalized models with rapid model convergence. One approach is clustering-based PFL, which utilizes group-level client relationships to achieve personalization. However, this method still relies on a centralized approach, whereby the server coordinates all processes. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces a blockchain-enabled distributed edge cluster for PFL (BPFL) that combines the benefits of blockchain and edge computing. Blockchain technology can be used to enhance client privacy and security by recording transactions on immutable distributed ledger networks, thereby improving client selection and clustering. The edge computing system offers reliable storage and computation such that computational processing is locally performed in the edge infrastructure to be closer to clients. Thus, the real-time services and low-latency communication of PFL are improved. However, further work is required to develop a representative dataset for the examination of related types of attacks and defenses for a robust BPFL protocol.