Design and Synthesis of Antifungal Candidates Containing Triazole Scaffold from Natural Rosin against for Crop Protection.

Two series of dehydroabietyl-1,2,4-triazole-4-Schiff-based derivatives were synthesized from rosin to control plant fungal diseases. evaluation and screening of the antifungal activity were performed using , , , , and . Compound showed excellent fungicidal activity against (EC = 0.537 μg/mL), which was significantly more effective than the positive control fluconazole (EC = 4.707 μg/mL). Compound also had a considerable protective effect against (61.57%-92.16%), which was slightly lower than that of fluconazole (85.17-100%) at 25-100 μg/mL. Through physiological and biochemical analyses, the preliminary mode of action of compound against was explored. Ultrastructural observation of mycelia showed that compound hindered the growth of the mycelium and destroyed the ultrastructure of seriously. Conductivity analysis and laser scanning confocal microscope staining showed that compound changed cell-membrane permeability and caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The enzyme activity results showed that compound significantly inhibited the activity of CYP51 (59.70%), SOD (76.9%), and CAT (67.86%). Molecular docking identified strong interaction energy between compound and crystal structures of CYP51 (-11.18 kcal/mol), SOD (-9.25 kcal/mol), and CAT (-8.79 kcal/mol). These results provide guidance for the discovery of natural product-based antifungal pesticide candidates.