Cataloging the Phylogenetic Diversity of Human Bladder Bacterial Isolates.

Although the human bladder is reported to harbor unique microbiota, our understanding of how these microbial communities interact with their human hosts is limited, mostly owing to the lack of isolates to test mechanistic hypotheses. Niche-specific bacterial collections and associated reference genome databases have been instrumental in expanding knowledge of the microbiota of other anatomical sites, e.g., the gut and oral cavity. To facilitate genomic, functional, and experimental analyses of the human bladder microbiota, here we present a bladder-specific bacterial reference collection comprised of 1134 genomes. These genomes were culled from bacterial isolates obtained by a metaculturomic method from bladder urine collected by transurethral catheterization. This bladder-specific bacterial reference collection includes 196 different species, including representatives of major aerobes and facultative anaerobes, as well as some anaerobes. It captures 72.2 % of the genera found when we reexamined previously published 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 392 adult female bladder urine samples. Comparative genomic analysis found that the taxonomies and functions of the bladder microbiota shared more similarities with the vaginal microbiota than the gut microbiota. Whole-genome phylogenetic and functional analyses of 186 bladder isolates and 387 gut isolates supports the hypothesis that phylogroup distribution and functions of strains differ dramatically between these two very different niches. This bladder-specific bacterial reference collection is a unique resource that will enable hypothesis-driven bladder microbiota research and comparison to isolates from other anatomical sites.