Extracellular vesicles and their indispensable roles in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease with rising incidence worldwide, and its debilitating symptoms and dissatisfactory therapies have brought heavy burdens for patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membranes containing abundant bioactive molecules, have been indicated to play important roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of many diseases. However, to our knowledge, comprehensive reviews summarizing the various roles of diverse source-derived EVs in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD are still lacking. This review, not only summarizes the EV characteristics, but also focuses on the multiple roles of diverse EVs in IBD pathogenesis and their treatment potential. In addition, hoping to push forward the research frontiers, we point out several challenges that the researchers are faced, about EVs in current IBD research and future therapeutic applications. We also put forward our prospects on future exploration regarding EVs in IBD treatment, including developing IBD vaccines and paying more attention on apoptotic vesicles. This review is aimed to enrich the knowledge on the indispensable roles of EVs in IBD pathogenesis and treatment, providing ideas and reference for future therapeutic strategy for IBD treatment.