Determination (inducing) factors, the extracellular matrix, signaling pathways, transcription factors and genes interact in pattern formation and neural induction. Genes can either be activated or repressed. The animalvegetal and dorso-ventral polarities are determined in very early developmental stages. Factors of the TGF-β superfamily in a graded distribution are involved in the determination of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The differentiation of mesoderm also depends on the animal ectoderm. Neural inducing factors have been partially purified.
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