Effect of signal timing on vehicles' near misses at intersections.

Driving characteristics often vary between the different states of the signal. During red and yellow phase, drivers tend to speed up and reduce the following distance which in turn increases the possibility of rear end crashes. Intersection safety, therefore, relies on the correct modelling of signal phasing and timing parameters, and how drivers respond to its changes. This paper aims to identify the relationship between surrogate safety measures and signal phasing. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video data has been used to study a major intersection. Post encroachment time (PET) between vehicles was calculated from the video data as well as speed, heading and relevant signal timing parameters such as all red time, red clearance time, yellow time, etc. Random parameter ordered logit model was used to model the relationship between PET and signal timing parameters. Overall, the results showed that yellow time and red clearance time is positively related to PETs. The model was also able to identify certain signal phases that could be a potential safety hazard and would need to be retimed by considering the PETs. The odds ratios from the models also indicate that increasing the mean yellow and red clearance times by one second can improve the PET levels by 10% and 3%, respectively.