Objectives: To explore the cytotoxicity of four wild mushrooms involved in a case of Yunnan sudden unexplained death (YNSUD), to provide the experimental basis for prevention and treatment of YNSUD.
Methods: Four kinds of wild mushrooms that were eaten by family members in this YNSUD incident were collected and identified by expert identification and gene sequencing. Raw extracts from four wild mushrooms were extracted by ultrasonic extraction to intervene HEK293 cells, and the mushrooms with obvious cytotoxicity were screened by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The selected wild mushrooms were prepared into three kinds of extracts, which were raw, boiled, and boiled followed by enzymolysis. HEK293 cells were intervened with these three extracts at different concentrations. The cytotoxicity was detected by CCK-8 combined with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay Kit, and the morphological changes of HEK293 cells were observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope.
Results: Species identification indicated that the four wild mushrooms were , , and . Cytotoxicity was found only in . The raw extracts showed cytotoxicity at the mass concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, while the boiled extracts and the boiled followed by enzymolysis extracts showed obvious cytotoxicity at the mass concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. In addition to the obvious decrease in the number of HEK293 cells, the number of synapses increased and the refraction of HEK293 cells was poor after the intervention of extracts.
Conclusions: The extracts of involved in this YNSUD case has obvious cytotoxicity, and some of its toxicity can be reduced by boiled and enzymolysis, but cannot be completely detoxicated. Therefore, the consumption of is potentially dangerous, and it may be one of the causes of the YNSUD.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Área Académica de Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México.
A health risk assessment was carried out to determine the probability of damage and carcinogenic effects from consumption of five mushroom species (Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius indigo, Ramaria flava, and Sarcodon calvatus) potentially contaminated by chromium (Cr), based on data reported by López-Vázquez and Prieto-García (2016) in Hidalgo state [López-Vázquez E, Prieto-García F. Minerals and toxic elements in wild mushrooms species from regions of Hidalgo state in Mexico. Asian J Chem.
Species of the genus Ganoderma are important medicinal and edible mushrooms, with polysaccharides being its main active ingredient. The submerged fermentation of Ganoderma is an important source of polysaccharides in the mycelia. In this study, a single factor test and an orthogonal test were employed to optimize the medium and fermentation conditions with the objective of obtaining a high content of polysaccharide in the liquid submerged fermentation culture mycelia of Ganoderma species.
In our study, the biological activities of the wild edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius were determined. First of all, 64 different experiments were performed in the Soxhlet device at 40-70°C extraction temperatures, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of extraction time and 0.25, 0.
Mushrooms have always found their way into our dining plates due to their exotic looks and edibility. It is also one of the food items that can lead to fatal hepatotoxicity if the wrong species is picked up. Mushroom poisoning is frequently seen in forest adventure seekers and presents with variable time frames, mainly with acute gastrointestinal symptoms.
IFungiLab, Subárea de Biologia, Departamento de Ciências da Natureza E Matemática, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, São Paulo, SP, 01109-010, Brazil.
Many species of mushroom-forming fungi have been harvested in the wild and used for food and medicine for thousands of years. In Brazil, the knowledge of the diversity of wild edible mushrooms remains scattered and poorly studied. Based on new samples, bibliographic records revision, and searches through the GenBank, we recorded 409 species of wild edible mushrooms in Brazil, of which 350 can be safely consumed and 59 are edible but with conditions.
