Environmental characterization of the estuarine zone of the Gulf of Montijo, province of Veraguas, Panama.

The study was performed in the Republic of Panama. Panama has a coastline of 2,988.3 km, of which 1,700.6 km corresponds to the Pacific coast. Most of the coast is flat, and several geomorphological features characterize the Panamanian coastal sector, such as the Gulf of Montijo, which is located towards the west of the Panamanian Pacific coast in the province of Veraguas. The Gulf is a remarkable ecosystem of mangroves well preserved and internationally recognized as a Ramsar area. It represents the buffer zone of Coiba Island (Coiba National Park). Sixteen sampling stations were established along the coast to analyze the vertical and spatial variability of physical and chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity). The quality of unexposed marine sediment was evaluated in four samples from the western sector of the Gulf of Montijo. The marine sediment samples were collected with a Dietz-LaFond Snapper dredge, between 1.5 and 3.0 m depth. Physical and chemical observations and marine sediment sampling were carried out during high tide +4 to low tide +3, in negative syzygy phase tide. The analysis of the oceanographic conditions, especially the physical and chemical properties of the water along with the longitudinal profile, showed a conservative distribution increasing gradually towards the outer region in an approximately linear way due to the dilution and mixing processes, both in the surface layer and at the bottom, and a not very developed vertical gradient, with slight stratification. The results of heavy metal analyses in marine sediments report high cadmium concentrations along the west coast, with concentrations above the limit levels of the Canadian marine sediment quality guidelines. The study area requires continuous monitoring that is representative of seasonality (dry, intermediate, and rainy periods), including a more significant number of stations since it is evidence of an affectation of the environmental quality of the marine ecosystem due to possible anthropogenic activities.