Bats, monkeys and plants in the time of Covid-19 pandemic at Angkor monuments.

Knowledge of biodeterioration and protection of cultural heritage depends on the scientific understanding of the substratum materials, the ambient environment, the fauna and flora including the microorganisms so an overall picture can be constructed to serve as a basis for protection and management. Over the past more than 20 years of survey and research, an accumulated dataset is available on the mechanisms on the (bio)deterioration of stone monuments in Cambodia, involving interactions among water cycling and salt dynamics with the presence of a rich surface microbiome, the biofilms. However, during the Covid-19 period (2020-2022), because of a drastic drop on tourist population, the number of bats and monkeys are on the rising, which have an impact on the on-going protection efforts. At the same time, large trees around and on the cultural heritage sites are being managed by trimming and removal to decrease the potential risk and negative impacts from them. The new management scheme needs scientific results for the long-term successful protection of these cultural heritage. A close examination of these issues is also meaningful and important to the research new initiatives and policy to be implemented not only in Cambodia but also elsewhere.