Methoxy-naphthyl-Linked -Benzyl Pyridinium Styryls as Dual Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Structure-Activity Relationship.

The multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) indicates the need for multitargeted agents as potential therapeutics. Both cholinesterases (ChEs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), play a vital role in disease progression. Thus, inhibiting both ChEs is more beneficial than only one for effectively managing AD. The present study provides a detailed lead optimization of the -pharmacophore-generated pyridinium styryl scaffold to discover a dual ChE inhibitor. A structure-activity relationship analysis indicated the importance of three structural fragments, methoxy-naphthyl, vinyl-pyridinium, and substituted-benzyl, in a dual ChE inhibitor pharmacophore. The optimized 6-methoxy-naphthyl derivative, (SB-1436), inhibits EeAChE and eqBChE with IC values of 176 and 370 nM, respectively. The kinetic study has shown that inhibits AChE and BChE in a non-competitive manner with values of 46 and 115 nM, respectively. The docking and molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that binds with the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of AChE and BChE. Compound also significantly stops the self-aggregation of Aβ. The data presented herein indicate the potential of for further investigation in preclinical models of AD.