Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of neat methyl levulinate into pentanoic biofuels is one of the pivotal reactions in biomass valorization. A combined pentanoic acid/methyl pentanoate yield of 92% can be achieved for Ru/USY with a Si/Al ratio of 15 at 220 °C and 40 bar H. The superior performance of Ru/USY-15 for the efficient production of pentanoic biofuels is attributed to the optimal site balance between the Ru species and strong acid sites ( 1 : 5).
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