Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
This study aims to support the development of Spain's Ozone Mitigation Plan by evaluating the present-day spatial variation (2015-2019) and trends (2008-2019) for seven ground-level ozone (O) metrics relevant for human/ecosystems exposure and regulatory purposes. Results indicate that the spatial variation of O depends on the part of the O distribution being analyzed. Metrics associated with moderate O concentrations depict an increasing O gradient between the northern and Mediterranean coasts due to climatic factors, while for metrics considering the upper end of the O distribution, this climatic gradient tends to attenuate in favor of hotspot regions pointing to relevant local/regional O formation. A classification of atmospheric regions in Spain is proposed based on their O pollution patterns, to identify priority areas (or O hotspots) where local/regional precursor abatement might significantly reduce O during pollution episodes. The trends assessment reveals a narrowing of the O distribution at the national level, with metrics influenced by lower concentrations tending to increase over time, and those reflecting the higher end of the O distribution tending to decrease. While most stations show no statistically significant variations, contrasting O trends are evident among the O hotspots. The Madrid area exhibits the majority of upward trends across all metrics, frequently with the highest increasing rates, implying increasing O associated with both chronic and episodic exposure. The Valencian Community area exhibits a mixed variation pattern, with moderate to high O metrics increasing and peak metrics decreasing, while O in areas downwind of Barcelona, the Guadalquivir Valley and Puertollano shows no variations. Sevilla is the only large Spanish city with generalized O decreasing trends. The different O trends among hotspots highlight the need for mitigation measures to be designed at a local/regional scale to be effective. This approach may offer valuable insights for other countries developing O mitigation plans.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107961 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!