The hourglass model describes the convergence of species within the same phylum to a similar body plan during development; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in mammals remain poorly described. Here, we compare rabbit and mouse time-resolved differentiation trajectories to revisit this model at single-cell resolution. We modeled gastrulation dynamics using hundreds of embryos sampled between gestation days 6.0 and 8.5 and compared the species using a framework for time-resolved single-cell differentiation-flows analysis. We find convergence toward similar cell-state compositions at E7.5, supported by the quantitatively conserved expression of 76 transcription factors, despite divergence in surrounding trophoblast and hypoblast signaling. However, we observed noticeable changes in specification timing of some lineages and divergence of primordial germ cell programs, which in the rabbit do not activate mesoderm genes. Comparative analysis of temporal differentiation models provides a basis for studying the evolution of gastrulation dynamics across mammals.
Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells which form in response to (), are characteristic but not exclusive of tuberculosis (TB). Despite existing investigations on TB granulomas, the determinants that differentiate host-protective granulomas from granulomas that contribute to TB pathogenesis are often disputed. Thus, the goal of this narrative review is to help clarify the existing literature on such determinants.
The global resurgence of syphilis has created a potent stimulus for vaccine development. To identify potentially protective antibodies against Treponema pallidum (TPA), we used Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) to display extracellular loops (ECLs) from three TPA outer membrane protein families (outer membrane factors for efflux pumps, eight-stranded β-barrels, and FadLs) to assess their reactivity with immune rabbit serum (IRS). We identified five immunodominant loops from the FadL orthologs TP0856, TP0858 and TP0865 by immunoblotting and ELISA.
Background: In recent years, the total production of mud crab Scylla paramamosain has been declining, and the breeding areas are faced with land shortage and shortage of breeding production, which needs to be solved urgently. S. paramamosain can survive and grow in a wide range of salinities is an excellent variety suitable for saline-alkali water aquaculture.
Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Protein subunit vaccines, lacking pathogen-associated molecular patterns that trigger immune responses, rely on adjuvants to induce robust immune responses against the target pathogen. Thus, selection of adjuvants plays a crucial role in the design of protein subunit vaccines. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing cGAS-STING agonists as vaccine adjuvants.
Asialo-GM1 (ASGM1) has been identified as a cell surface marker of murine NK cells. Although polyclonal anti-asialo-GM1 antibodies (anti-ASGM1 pAb) have been widely used for studying natural killer (NK) cell functions in vivo, the technical challenges have existed in their specificity for NK cell depletion. Furthermore, the exact expression of ASGM1 on the NK cell lineage and other immune cells has not been characterized due to the lack of appropriate reagents.
