Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Chiba University "Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiba, Japan. Electronic address:
Published: July 2023
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Allergic diseases arise from a complex interplay between immune system and environmental factors. A link between the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and type 2 immune responses has become evident, with conventional and pathogenic type 2 helper T (Th2) cells involved in both. Recently, there has been a significant development in therapeutic agents for allergic diseases: IL-5 and IL-5 receptor antagonists, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Mepolizumab, an IL-5, and Benralizumab, an IL-5 receptor antagonist, modulate eosinophilic inflammation mediated by IL-5-producing Th2 cells. Delgocitinib shows that JAK-associated signaling is essential for the inflammatory reaction in atopic dermatitis, one of the common allergic diseases. SLIT has a significant effect on allergic rhinitis by reducing pathogenic Th2 cell numbers. More recently, novel molecules that are involved in pathogenic Th2 cell-mediated allergic diseases have been identified. These include calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging machinery regulated by the Txnip-Nrf2-Blvrb axis, and myosin light chain 9 (Myl9), which interacts with CD69. This review provides an updated view of the recent research on treatment of allergic diseases and their cause: conventional and pathogenic Th2 cells.
Allergic inflammation is closely related to the activation of mast cells (MCs), which is regulated by its intracellular Ca level, but the intake and effects of the intracellular Ca remain unclear. The Ca influx is controlled by members of Ca channels, among which calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (Ca1.2) is the most robust.
Background: Several epidemiological studies have shown that allergic rhinitis (AR) patients are more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Objective: We aim to investigate the risk factors for COVID-19 in AR patients.
Methods: A retrospective nationwide cohort study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey in China.
Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Germany. Electronic address:
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an incurable disease caused by the environmental mold Aspergillus fumigatus. This hypersensitivity pneumonia is characterized by an inflammatory type 2 immune response, accompanied by influx of eosinophils into the lung. To investigate the mode of action of eosinophils and the signaling events triggered by A.
Mast cell-mediated reactions promote various allergic disease, including anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Different data demonstrated an intricate relationship between the use of antihistaminic drugs, the onset of side effects, and the development of resistance, underscoring the importance to find novel therapeutic approaches to treat allergic diseases. Olive leaf extract (OLE), is a by-product of the olive tree rich in bioactive compounds, known for its numerous therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-tumoral and antidiabetic effects.
Background: Using primary airway epithelial cells (AEC) is essential to mimic more closely different types and stages of lung disease in humans while reducing or even replacing animal experiments. Access to lung tissue remains limited because these samples are generally obtained from patients who undergo lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease or thoracic surgery for (mostly) lung cancer. We investigated whether forceps or cryo biopsies are a viable alternative source of AEC compared to the conventional technique.
