CCL19 dendritic cells potentiate clinical benefit of anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer.

Background: The extensive involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) in immune contexture indicates their potent value in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding DC diversity in patient cohorts may strengthen the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Methods: Single-cell profiling of breast tumors from two clinical trials was performed to investigate DC heterogeneity. Multiomics, tissue characterization, and pre-clinical experiments were used to evaluate the role of the identified DCs in the tumor microenvironment. Four independent clinical trials were leveraged to explore biomarkers to predict ICI and chemotherapy outcomes.

Findings: We identified a distinct CCL19-expressing functional state of DCs associated with favorable responses to anti-programmed death (ligand)-1 (PD-(L)1), which displayed migratory and immunomodulatory phenotypes. These cells were correlated with antitumor T cell immunity and the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and lymphoid aggregates, defining immunogenic microenvironments in triple-negative breast cancer. In vivo, CCL19 DC deletion by Ccl19 gene ablation dampened CCR7CD8 T cells and tumor elimination in response to anti-PD-1. Notably, high circulating and intratumoral CCL19 levels were associated with superior response and survival in patients receiving anti-PD-1 but not chemotherapy.

Conclusions: We uncovered a critical role of DC subsets in immunotherapy, which has implications for designing novel therapies and patient stratification strategies.

Funding: This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader, the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Shanghai Hospital Development Center (SHDC), and the Shanghai Health Commission.