Background: Accurate assessment of knee extension angle relative to sagittal mechanical axis (SMA) during TKA is usually obtained by computer navigation. Whether the lines along anterior cortex of distal femur and proximal tibia in short-knee imaging are accurate in determining knee extension angle has not been investigated.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 106 patients (116 knees) who underwent primary TKA. After complete anesthetization, the leg was elevated 30° and short-knee lateral fluoroscopy was performed. The angles between the anterior cortical line (ACL), and between the mid-shaft line (MSL) of the femur and tibia, were measured. After surgical exposure and bony registration into OrthoPilot navigation system, the leg was elevated again and degree of knee extension was recorded. The angles determined using three methods were compared.
Results: The mean extension angle observed by OrthoPilot (5.0° ± 6.8°, range -8°-25°) was not different from ACL method (5.3° ± 7.0°, range -8.1°-24.3°) (p = 0.811), but higher than MSL method (1.7° ± 7.1°, range -13.2°-18.1°) (p < 0.001). The mean absolute difference of ACL method from OrthoPilot was 0.2° ± 1.8° (range 0.0°-5.0°; 95%CI 0.0°-2.0°), and MSL method from OrthoPilot was 3.2° ± 2.6° (range 0.1°-8.2°; 95%CI 2.7°-3.7°). Measurement differences within 2° were found in 83.6% (97/116) and 37.9% (44/116) in the ACL and MSL method respectively (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: ACL of femur and tibia in a short-knee imaging is more accurate than MSL for determining knee extension angle relative to SMA. ACL can be assessed intraoperatively as the anterior cutting surface of distal femur after bone cut during TKA and the palpable anterior tibial crest. This ACL measurement in a pre- or postoperative radiograph provides the minimal detectable change of 3.5° and helpful in clinical research that requires high precision measurement.
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