Visible light-crosslinkable tyramine-conjugated alginate-based microgel bioink for multiple cell-laden 3D artificial organ.

While the natural carbohydrate alginate has enabled effective three-dimensional (3D) extrusion bioprinting, it still suffers from some issues such as low printability and resolution and limited cellular function due to ionic crosslinking dependency. Here, we prepared a harmless visible light-based photocrosslinkable alginate by chemically bonding tyrosine-like residues onto alginate chains to propose a new microgel manufacturing system for the development of 3D-printed bioinks. The photocrosslinkable tyramine-conjugated alginate microgel achieved both higher cell viability and printing resolution compared to the bulk gel form. This alginate-based jammed granular microgel bioink showed excellent 3D bioprinting ability with maintained structural stability. As a biocompatible material, the developed multiple cell-loaded photocrosslinkable alginate-based microgel bioink provided excellent proliferation and migration abilities of laden living cells, providing an effective strategy to construct implantable functional artificial organ structures for 3D bioprinting-based tissue engineering.