The effect of GelMA/alginate interpenetrating polymeric network hydrogel on the performance of porous zirconia matrix for bone regeneration applications.

Bone tissue is a natural composite, exhibiting complicated structures and unique mechanical/biological properties. With an attempt of mimicking the bone tissue, a novel inorganic-organic composite scaffolds (ZrO-GM/SA) was designed and prepared via the vacuum infiltration method and the single/double cross-linking strategy by blending GelMA/alginate (GelMA/SA) interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) into the porous zirconia (ZrO) scaffold. The structure, morphology, compressive strength, surface/interface properties, and biocompatibility of the ZrO-GM/SA composite scaffolds were characterized to evaluate the performance of the composite scaffolds. Results showed that compared to ZrO bare scaffolds with well-defined open pores, the composite scaffolds prepared by double cross-linking of GelMA hydrogel and sodium alginate (SA) presented a continuous, tunable and honeycomb-like microstructure. Meanwhile, GelMA/SA showed favorable and controllable water-uptake capacity, swelling property and degradability. After the introduction of IPN components, the mechanical strength of composite scaffolds was further improved. The compressive modulus of composite scaffolds was significantly higher than the bare ZrO scaffolds. In addition, ZrO-GM/SA composite scaffolds had highly biocompatibility and displayed a potent proliferation and osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts compared to bare ZrO scaffolds and ZrO-GelMA composite scaffolds. At the same time, ZrO-10GM/1SA composite scaffold regenerated significantly greater bone than other groups in vivo. This study demonstrated that the proposed ZrO-GM/SA composite scaffolds had great research and application potential in bone tissue engineering.