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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2023.02.001 | DOI Listing |
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Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan. Electronic address:
Pain perception is not solely determined by noxious stimuli, but also varies due to other factors, such as beliefs about pain and its uncertainty. A widely accepted theory posits that the brain integrates prediction of pain with noxious stimuli, to estimate pain intensity. This theory assumes that the estimated pain value is adjusted to minimize surprise, mathematically defined as errors between predictions and outcomes.
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