The Economic Impact of Standardization and Digitalization in the Operating Room: A Systematic Literature Review.

Hospital face increased resource constraints and competition. This escalates the need for efficiency optimization especially in resource-intense areas, such as the Operating Room (OR). Efficiency cannot happen at expenses of patient outcomes. Innovative digital support systems (DSS) have been introduced into the market to support established standardization methods of intraoperative workflows further. This review aimed to analyze whether applied standardization methods and implemented DSS of intraoperative surgical workflows lead to increasing efficiency and demonstrate economic improvements. A systematic review of intraoperative surgical workflows standardization and digitalization was performed. Journal articles and reviews from 2000 to 2023 were retrieved from EBSCO, PubMed, and Scopus databases, as well as the internal database of Johnson & Johnson. 17 articles showed a significant increase in efficiency through standardization, which led to cost reductions between $70.20 to $3,516 per case without negatively impacting quality. Five additional articles on DSS demonstrated a significant positive impact on efficiency and quality. Reduction in OR-time between 6 to 22% per case was one main contributor. No literature on DSS revealed any correlated economic impact. Selected standardization methods and introduced DSS for intraoperative surgical workflows effectively increase efficiency while maintaining or even improving quality. Demonstrated cost-effectiveness of non-digital standardization methods across surgical areas requires more research on complex and resource-intensive procedures and the economic value of DSS to support hospital management's strategic decisions to overcome the increasing economic burden.