Hyperprogressive disease after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in a patient with non‑small cell lung cancer who harbors a TGFBR2 mutation: A case report.

We previously demonstrated that a transforming growth factor β type II receptor () mutation can predict resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), based on publicly available immunotherapeutic cohorts. However, the efficacy of ICI-based regimens in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring mutations in the real-world setting is rarely reported. The present study describes the case of a patient with advanced NSCLC who harbors a mutation. The patient was treated with ICI monotherapy and experienced hyperprogressive disease (HPD). The clinical information was retrospectively collected. The progression-free survival (PFS) was only 1.3 months. In conclusion, HPD occurred in a patient with advanced NSCLC with a mutation who received an ICI monotherapy regimen. The findings suggested that caution may be required regarding the clinical delivery of ICI monotherapy to patients with NSCLC and mutations; ICIs combined with chemotherapy may be an alternative treatment option.