Reproductive Biology of Male European Hake () in Central Mediterranean Sea: An Overview from Macroscopic to Molecular Investigation.

The improvement of scientific knowledge about overexploited fishery resources allow us to provide scientific advice for their management and stock protection. By using a multidisciplinary approach, the aim of the study was to characterize, for the first time in the Central Mediterranean Sea (GSA 17), the reproductive biology of males of , currently highly exploited. A multi-year sampling from January 2017 to December 2019 was performed to exhaustively evaluate the sex ratio of the stock, while the 2018 annual sampling was selected to investigate the reproductive pattern of males. Individuals in spawning conditions were found every month, proving that is an asynchronous species, reproducing all year round, with a seasonal reproductive peak in spring/summer, as indicated by GSI. Five gonadal development stages were defined to fully describe the reproductive cycle of males. The macroscopic and histological L, respectively 18.6 cm and 15.4 cm, were both below the Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS). According to the mRNA levels, and played a significant role during spermiation, whereas the was involved at the beginning of sexual maturity. In the testis, and reached maximum expression levels before the spermiation. The hormonal stimuli of 11-ketotestosterone and its receptor were significantly higher when the specimen was in reproductive activity.