Machine learning method for the cellular phenotyping of nasal polyps from multicentre tissue scans.

Background: This study aimed to establish a convenient and accurate chronic rhinosinusitis evaluation platform CRSAI 1.0 according to four phenotypes of nasal polyps.

Research Design And Methods: Tissue sections of a training ( = 54) and test cohort ( = 13) were sourced from the Tongren Hospital, and those for a validation cohort ( = 55) from external hospitals. Redundant tissues were automatically removed by the semantic segmentation algorithm of Unet++ with Efficientnet-B4 as backbone. After independent analysis by two pathologists, four types of inflammatory cells were detected and used to train the CRSAI 1.0. Dataset from Tongren Hospital were used for training and testing, and validation tests used the multicentre dataset.

Results: The mean average precision (mAP) in the training and test cohorts for tissue eosinophil%, neutrophil%, lymphocyte%, and plasma cell% was 0.924, 0.743, 0.854, 0.911 and 0.94, 0.74, 0.839, and 0.881, respectively. The mAP in the validation dataset was consistent with that of the test cohort. The four phenotypes of nasal polyps varied significantly according to the occurrence of asthma or recurrence.

Conclusions: CRSAI 1.0 can accurately identify various types of inflammatory cells in CRSwNP from multicentre data, which could enable rapid diagnosis and personalized treatment.