Nematicidal Activity of Cyclotides: Toxicity Against .

Cyclotides are a unique family of stable and cyclic mini-proteins found in plants that have nematicidal and anthelmintic activities. They are distributed across the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae plant families, where they are posited to act as protective agents against pests. In this study, we tested the nematicidal properties of extracts from four major cyclotide-producing plants, , , , and , against the free-living model nematode . We evaluated the nematicidal activity of the cyclotides kalata B1, cycloviolacin O2, and hyen D present in these extracts and found them to be active against the larvae of . Both the plant extracts and isolated cyclotides exerted dose-dependent toxicity on the first-stage larvae of . Isolated cyclotides caused death or damage upon interacting with the worms' mouth, pharynx, and midgut or membrane. Cycloviolacin O2 and hyen D produced bubble-like structures around the membrane, termed blebs, implicating membrane disruption causing toxicity and death. All tested cyclotides lost their toxicity when the hydrophobic patches present on them were disrupted via a single-point mutation. The present results provide a facile assay design to measure and explore the nematicidal activities of plant extracts and purified cyclotides on .