Regulation of photosynthesis rates is one of the key ways to increase crop yields. Carbon dots (CDs), which are low-toxity and biocompatible optical nanomaterials, can be easily prepared and are ideal for improving photosynthesis efficiency. In this study, nitrogen-doped CDs (CNDs) with a fluorescent quantum yield of 0.36 were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. These CNDs can convert a part of ultraviolet light in solar energy to blue light (emission peak at 410 nm) that can be utilized in photosynthesis and that overlaps with the optical absorption spectrum of chloroplasts in the blue light zone. Consequently, chloroplasts can pick up photons excited by the CNDs and transfer them to the photosynthetic system in the form of electrons, thereby accelerating the photoelectron transport rate. These behaviors can reduce ultraviolet light stress on wheat seedlings and improve the efficiency of electron capture and transfer from chloroplasts through optical energy conversion. As a result, various photosynthetic indices and biomass of wheat seedlings are improved. Cytotoxicity experiments have showed that CNDs within a certain concentration range almost do not affect cell survival.
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