Spin transfer torques due to the bulk states of topological insulators.

Spin torques at topological insulator (TI)/ferromagnet interfaces have received considerable attention in recent years with a view towards achieving full electrical manipulation of magnetic degrees of freedom. The most important question in this field concerns the relative contributions of bulk and surface states to the spin torque, a matter that remains incompletely understood. Whereas the surface state contribution has been extensively studied, the contribution due to the bulk states has received comparatively little attention. Here we study spin torques due to TI bulk states and show that: (i) there is due to the bulk states on a homogeneous magnetisation, in contrast to the surface states, which give rise to a spin-orbit torque the well-known Edelstein effect. (ii) The bulk states give rise to a (STT) due to the inhomogeneity of the magnetisation in the vicinity of the interface. This spin transfer torque, which has not been considered in TIs in the past, is somewhat unconventional since it arises from the interplay of the bulk TI spin-orbit coupling and the gradient of the monotonically decaying magnetisation inside the TI. Whereas we consider an idealised model in which the magnetisation gradient is small and the spin transfer torque is correspondingly small, we argue that in real samples the spin transfer torque should be sizable and may provide the dominant contribution due to the bulk states. We show that an experimental smoking gun for identifying the bulk states is the fact that the field-like component of the spin transfer torque generates a spin density with the same size but opposite sign for in-plane and out-of-plane magnetisations. This distinguishes them from the surface states, which are expected to give a spin density of a similar size and the same sign for both an in-plane and out-of-plane magnetisations.