Development and evaluation of an individualised dental habituation programme for children with autism spectrum disorder living in Rogaland, Norway.

Purpose: To develop and evaluate an individualised habituation programme for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to enhance their cooperation during a routine dental examination.

Methods: In collaboration with school personnel, we developed and evaluated a research-based habituation programme comprising a toolbox with aids (pictures, videos, appliances, social stories) for preparations and gradual exposure to a 10-step dental examination. The habituation programme was subjected to a small-scale evaluation involving 17 children with ASD living in Rogaland, Norway. Changes in cooperation were registered using Frankl behaviour rating scale. Further, school personnel were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, and the data obtained were analysed through content analysis.

Results: Fourteen children (82%) completed the dental examination. Compared to previous accomplishments reported by the caregivers, an increased number of children completed the examination with a mirror and probe and were able to take an X-ray with good compliance following the habituation programme. The registration of cooperation (Frankl score) during each session indicated varying progression rates. Further, changing the dentist did not influence compliance, and most children showed a similar level of cooperation towards the dental examination one year later. Further, school personnel highlighted the need for preparations that could facilitate control and the importance of catering to individual needs.

Conclusion: An individualised approach combining preparations and behavioural methods in close collaboration with school personnel can increase cooperation during a dental examination in children with ASD.