Extraction of tree crown parameters of high-density pure plantations by combining the U-Net model and watershed algorithm.

As one of the important timber species in China, is widely distributed in southern China. The information of tree individuals and crown plays an important role in accurately monitoring forest resources. Therefore, it is particularly significant to accurately grasp such information of individual tree. For high-canopy closed forest stands, the key to correctly extract such information is whether the crowns of mutual occlusion and adhesion can be accurately segmented. Taking the Fujian Jiangle State-owned Forest Farm as the research area and using the UAV image as the data source, we developed a method to extract crown information of individual tree based on deep learning method and watershed algorithm. Firstly, the deep learning neural network model U-Net was used to segment the coverage area of the canopy of , and then the traditional image segmentation algorithm was used to segment the individual tree to obtain the number and crown information of individual tree. Under the condition of maintaining the same training set, validation set and test set, the extraction results of the canopy coverage area by the U-Net model and traditional machine learning methods [random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM)] were compared. Then, two individual tree segmentation results were compared, one using the marker-controlled watershed algorithm, and the other using the combination of the U-Net model and marker-controlled watershed algorithm. The results showed that the segmentation accuracy (SA), precision, IoU (intersection over union) and F1-score (harmonic mean of precision and recall) of the U-Net model were higher than those of RF and SVM. Compared with RF, the value of those four indicators increased by 4.6%, 14.9%, 7.6% and 0.05, respectively. Compared with SVM, the four indicators increased by 3.3%, 8.5%, 8.1% and 0.05, respectively. In terms of extracting the number of trees, the overall accuracy (OA) of the U-Net model combined with the marker-controlled watershed algorithm was 3.7% higher than that of the marker-controlled watershed algorithm, with the mean absolute error (MAE) being decreased by 3.1%. In terms of extracting crown area and crown width of individual tree, increased by 0.11 and 0.09, mean squared error decreased by 8.49 m and 4.27 m, and MAE decreased by 2.93 m and 1.72 m, respectively. The combination of deep learning U-Net model and watershed algorithm could overcome the challenges in accurately extracting the number of trees and the crown information of individual tree of high-density pure plantations. It was an efficient and low-cost method of extracting tree crown parameters, which could provide a basis for developing intelligent forest resource monitoring.